Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

The Saudi Investment Bank (the “Bank”), a Saudi joint stock company, was formed pursuant to Royal Decree No. M/31 dated 25 Jumada II 1396H, corresponding to June 23, 1976 in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (“KSA”). The Bank operates under Commercial Registration No. 1010011570 dated 25 Rabie Awwal 1397H, corresponding to March 16, 1977 through its 52 branches (2019: 52 branches) in KSA. The address of the Bank’s Head Office is as follows:

The Saudi Investment Bank
Head Office
P. O. Box 3533
Riyadh 11481, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

The Bank offers a full range of commercial and retail banking services. The Bank also offers Shariah compliant (non-interest based) banking products and services, which are approved and supervised by an independent Shariah Board established by the Bank.

These consolidated financial statements include the financial statements of the Bank and the financial statements of the following subsidiaries (collectively referred to as the “Group” in these Consolidated Financial Statements):

(a) “Alistithmar for Financial Securities and Brokerage Company” (Alistithmar Capital), a Saudi closed joint stock company, which is registered in KSA under Commercial Registration No. 1010235995 issued on 8 Rajab 1428H (corresponding to July 22, 2007), and is 100% owned by the Bank. The principal activities of Alistithmar Capital include dealing in securities as principal and agent, underwriting, management of investment funds and private investment portfolios on behalf of customers, and arrangement, advisory and custody services relating to financial securities;

(b) “Saudi Investment Real Estate Company”, a limited liability company, which is registered in KSA under commercial registration No. 1010268297 issued on 29 Jumada Awwal 1430H (corresponding to May 25, 2009), and is owned 100% by the Bank. The primary objective of the Company is to hold title deeds as collateral on behalf of the Bank for real estate related lending transactions;

(c) “Saudi Investment First Company”, a limited liability company, which was registered in KSA under commercial registration No. 1010427836 issued on 16 Muharram 1436H (corresponding to November 9, 2014), and was owned 100% by the Bank. During 2020, the Company completed the formalities for deregistration with regulatory authorities and has been liquidated;

(d) “SAIB Markets Limited Company”, a Cayman Islands limited liability company, registered in the Cayman Islands on July 18, 2017, and is 100% owned by the Bank. The objective of the Company is to conduct derivatives and repurchase activities on behalf of the Bank.

References to the Bank hereafter in these Consolidated Financial Statements refer to disclosures that are relevant only to the Bank and not collectively to the Group.

(a) Statement of compliance

These Consolidated Financial Statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2020 have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”) as endorsed in KSA and other standards and pronouncements issued by the Saudi Organization for Certified Public Accountants (“SOCPA”); and are in compliance with the provisions of the Banking Control Law, the Regulations for Companies in KSA, and the Bank’s Articles of Association.

(b) Basis of measurement and presentation

These consolidated financial statements are prepared under the historical cost convention except for the following items in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position:

• Derivatives are measured at fair value;
• Financial instruments designated as Fair Value through Profit or Loss (“FVTPL”) are measured at fair value;
• Investments designated as Fair Value through Other Comprehensive Income (“FVOCI”) are measured at fair value;
• Recognized financial assets and financial liabilities designated as hedged items in qualifying fair value hedge relationships are adjusted for changes in fair value attributable to the risk being hedged;
• Cash settled share-based payments are measured at fair value; and
• Defined benefit obligations are recognized at the present value of future obligations using the Projected Unit Credit Method.

The Statement of Financial Position is stated broadly in the order of liquidity.

(c) Functional and presentation currency

The Consolidated Financial Statements are presented in Saudi Arabian Riyals (SAR) which is the Group’s functional currency. Except as otherwise indicated, financial information presented in SAR has been rounded off to the nearest thousand.

(d) Critical accounting judgements, estimates and assumptions

The preparation of the Consolidated Financial Statements in conformity with IFRS as endorsed in KSA requires the use of certain critical accounting judgements, estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities. It also requires Management to exercise its judgement in the process of applying the Group’s accounting policies. Such judgements, estimates and assumptions are continually evaluated and are based on historical experience and other factors, including obtaining professional advice and expectations of future events that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. Revisions to accounting estimates are recognized in the period in which the estimate is revised, if the revision affects only that period, or in the period of revision and in future periods if the revision affects both current and future periods.

The COVID-19 pandemic continues to disrupt global markets as many geographies are experiencing a second wave of infections despite having previously controlled the outbreak through aggressive precautionary measures such as imposing restrictions on travel, lockdowns and strict social distancing rules. The Government of KSA (“the Government”) however, has managed to successfully control the outbreak to date, owing primarily to the unprecedented yet effective measures taken by the Government, following which the Government has ended the lockdowns and has taken phased measures towards normalization.

Recently, a number of COVID-19 vaccines have been developed and approved for mass distribution by various governments around the world. The Government has also approved a vaccine which is currently available for healthcare workers and certain other categories of people and it should be available to the masses in general during 2021. Despite the fact that there are some uncertainties around the COVID-19 vaccine such as how long the immunity will last and whether the vaccine will prevent transmission or not. However, the testing results showed exceptionally high success rates. The Group, therefore, continues to be cognizant of both the micro and macroeconomic challenges that COVID-19 has posed, the teething effects of which may be felt for some time, and is closely monitoring its exposures at a granular level. The Group has made various accounting estimates in these Consolidated Financial Statements based on forecasts of economic conditions which reflect expectations and assumptions as of December 31, 2020 about future events that the Group believes are reasonable in the circumstances.

There is a considerable degree of judgement involved in preparing these estimates. The underlying assumptions are also subject to uncertainties which are often outside the control of the Group. Accordingly, actual economic conditions are likely to be different from those forecast since anticipated events frequently do not occur as expected, and the effect of those differences may significantly impact accounting estimates included in these Consolidated Financial Statements.

The significant accounting estimates impacted by these forecasts and associated uncertainties are predominantly related to impairment losses on financial assets, fair value measurement, and the assessment of the recoverable amount of non-financial assets. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on each of these estimates is discussed further in the relevant note of these Consolidated Financial Statements.

Significant areas where management has used estimates, assumptions, or exercised judgements are as follows:

(i) Impairment losses on financial assets

The measurement of impairment losses under IFRS 9 Financial Instruments across all categories of financial assets requires judgement, and in particular, the estimation of the amount and timing of future cash flows, collateral values when determining impairment losses, and the assessment of a significant increase in credit risk. These estimates are driven by a number of factors, and the changes to these factors can result in different levels of allowances.

The Group’s Expected Credit Loss (“ECL”) calculations are outputs of complex models with a number of underlying assumptions regarding the choice of variable inputs and their interdependencies. Elements of the ECL models that are considered accounting judgements and estimates include:

• The Group’s internal credit grading model, which assigns Probability of Defaults (“PDs”) to individual grades;
• The Group’s criteria for assessing if there has been a significant increase in credit risk (“SICR”) where allowances for financial assets should be measured on a Lifetime ECL basis and the qualitative assessment;
• The segmentation of financial assets when their ECL is assessed on a collective basis;
• Development of ECL models, including the various formulas and the choice of inputs;
• Determination of associations between macroeconomic scenarios and economic inputs, such as unemployment levels and collateral values, and the effect on PDs, Exposures at default (“EADs”) and Loss given defaults (“LGDs”); and
• Selection of forward-looking macroeconomic scenarios and their probability weightings, to derive the economic inputs into the ECL models.

(ii) Fair value measurement

The Group measures financial instruments, such as derivatives, at fair value at each consolidated statement of financial position date, except as disclosed in Note 31.

Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The fair value measurement is based on the presumption that the transaction to sell the asset or transfer the liability takes place either:

• In the principal market for the asset or liability, or
• In the absence of a principal market, in the most advantageous market for the asset or liability.

The principal or the most advantageous market must be accessible to or by the Group. The fair value of an asset or a liability is measured using the assumptions that market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability, assuming that market participants act in their best economic interest. A fair value measurement of a non-financial asset takes into account a market participant's ability to generate economic benefits by using the asset in its highest and best use or by selling it to another market participant that would use the asset in its highest and best use.

The Group uses valuation techniques that are appropriate in the circumstances and for which sufficient data is available to measure fair value, while maximizing the use of relevant observable market inputs and minimizing the use of unobservable inputs.

All assets and liabilities for which fair value is measured or disclosed in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position are categorized within a fair value hierarchy, described as follows, based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement as a whole:

Level 1 – Quoted prices in active markets for the same or identical instrument that an entity can access at the measurement date (i.e., without modification or proxy);

Level 2 – Quoted prices in active markets for similar assets and liabilities or other valuation techniques for which all significant inputs are based on observable market data; and

Level 3 – Valuation techniques for which any significant input is not based on observable market data.

For assets and liabilities that are recognized in the consolidated statement of financial position on a recurring basis, the Group determines whether transfers have occurred between Levels in the hierarchy by re-assessing categorization (based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement as a whole) at the end of each financial reporting period.

The Group determines the policies and procedures for both recurring fair value measurement, such as unquoted financial assets, and for any non-recurring measurement, such as assets held for distribution in discontinued operations.

External subject matter experts are involved from time to time for the valuation of certain assets. Involvement of external subject matter experts is decided upon annually. Selection criteria include market knowledge, reputation, independence, and whether professional standards are maintained.

At each financial reporting date, the Group analyzes the movements in the values of assets and liabilities which are required to be re-measured or re-assessed as per the Group’s accounting policies. For this analysis, the Group verifies the major inputs applied in the latest valuation by agreeing the information in the valuation computation to contracts and other relevant documents. The Group also compares the changes in the fair value of each asset and liability with relevant external sources to determine whether the change is reasonable.

For the purpose of fair value disclosures, the Group has determined the classes of assets and liabilities on the basis of the nature, characteristics, and the related risks of the asset or liability, and the level of the fair value hierarchy as explained above.

(iii) Determination of control over investees

The control indicators set out in note 3b are subject to Management’s judgement. The Group also acts as Fund Manager to several investment funds. Determining whether the Group controls individual investment funds usually focuses on the assessment of the aggregate economic interests of the Group in an individual fund (comprising any carried interests and expected Management fees) and the investors’ rights to remove the Fund Manager. As a result, the Group has concluded that it acts as an agent for the investors in all cases, and therefore has not consolidated the Financial Statements of these funds.

(iv) Going concern

The Group’s Management has made an assessment of the Group’s ability to continue as a going concern and is satisfied that the Group has the resources to continue in business for the foreseeable future. Furthermore, Management is not aware of any material uncertainties that may cast significant doubt on the Group’s ability to continue as a going concern. Therefore, the Consolidated Financial Statements are prepared on the going concern basis.

(v) Determination of lease terms

In determining the lease terms for the purposes of calculation of lease liabilities and Right of Use (“ROU”) leased assets, Management considers all facts and circumstances that create an economic incentive to exercise an extension option, or not to exercise a termination option. Extension options (or periods after termination options) are only included in the lease terms if the lease is reasonably certain to be extended or not terminated.

The Group also reassesses whether it is reasonably certain to exercise the options if there is a significant event or significant change in circumstances within its control.

(vi) Depreciation and amortization

Management uses judgement when determining the periods used for purposes of calculating depreciation and amortization for property and equipment, including ROU leased assets and information technology intangible assets. The judgement includes estimates of any residual values, the estimated periods over which future economic benefits will flow to the Group, and the choice of depreciation and amortization methods.

(vii) Provisions for liabilities and charges

The Group receives legal claims against it in the normal course of business. Management makes judgements as to the likelihood of any claim succeeding in making provisions. The time of concluding legal claims is uncertain, as is the amount of possible outflow of economic benefits. Timing and cost ultimately depends on the due process being followed as per law.

(viii) Employee benefit plans

The Group operates an end of service benefit plan for its employees based on prevailing Saudi Labour laws. Accruals are made in accordance with actuarial valuations using a projected unit credit method while the benefit payments are discharged as and when the benefit payments are due.

The significant accounting policies adopted in the preparation of these Consolidated Financial Statements are set out below.

(a) Changes in accounting policies

The accounting policies used in the preparation of these Consolidated Financial Statements are consistent with those used in the preparation of annual Consolidated Financial Statements for the year ended December 31, 2019 except for the below standards, interpretations, and amendments that became applicable for annual reporting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2020:

• Amendments to IFRS 3 – Definition of a Business;
• Amendments to IAS 1 and IAS 8 - Definition of Material;
• Amendments to References to the Conceptual Framework in IFRS Standards; and
• Amendments to IFRS 9, IAS 39 and IFRS 7 - Interest Rate Benchmark Reform.

The Group has assessed that these amendments have no significant impact on the Group’s consolidated financial statements.

(b) Basis of consolidation

These Consolidated Financial Statements are comprised of the Financial Statements of the Bank and its subsidiaries as identified in note 1. The financial statements of the subsidiaries are prepared for the same reporting period as that of the Bank, using consistent accounting policies. Changes are made to the accounting policies of the subsidiaries when necessary to align with the accounting policies of the Group.

Subsidiaries are investees controlled by the Group. The Group controls an investee when it is exposed, or has rights to, variable returns from its involvement with the investee and has the ability to affect those returns through its power over the investee. The financial statements of the subsidiaries are included in the Consolidated Financial Statements from the date the Group obtains control of the investee and ceases when the Group loses control of the investee.

A joint venture is an arrangement in which the Group has joint control, whereby the Group has rights to the net assets of the arrangement, rather than rights to its assets and obligations for its liabilities.

A structured entity is an entity designed so that its activities are not governed by way of voting rights. In assessing whether the Group has power over such investees in which it has an interest, the Group considers factors such as purpose and design of the investee, its practical ability to direct the relevant activities of the investee, the nature of its relationship with the investee, and the size of its exposure to the variability of returns of the investee. The financial statements of any such structured entities are consolidated from the date the Group obtains control and until the date when the Group ceases to control the investee. Specifically, the Group controls an investee if and only if the Group has:

• Power over the investee (i.e. existing rights that give it the current ability to direct the relevant activities of the investee);
• Exposure, or rights, to variable returns from its involvement with the investee; and
• The ability to use its power over the investee to affect amount of its returns.

When the Group has less than a majority of the voting or similar rights of an investee, the Group considers all relevant facts and circumstances in assessing whether it has power over an investee, including:

• The contractual arrangement with the other vote holders of the investee;
• Rights arising from other contractual arrangements; and
• The Group’s voting rights and potential voting rights granted by equity instruments such as shares.

The Group re-assesses whether or not it controls an investee if facts and circumstances indicate that there are changes to one or more of the three elements of control summarized above. Consolidation of a subsidiary begins when the Group obtains control over the subsidiary and ceases when the Group loses control over the subsidiary. Assets, liabilities, income and expenses of a subsidiary acquired or disposed of during the year are included in the Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income from the date the Group obtains control until the date the Group ceases to control the subsidiary.

A change in the ownership interest of a subsidiary, without a loss of control, is accounted for as an equity transaction. If the Group loses control over a subsidiary, it:

• Derecognizes the assets (including goodwill) and liabilities of the subsidiary;
• Derecognizes the carrying amount of any non-controlling interests;
• Derecognizes the cumulative translation differences recorded in equity;
• Recognizes the fair value of the consideration received;
• Recognizes the fair value of any investment retained;
• Recognizes any surplus or deficit in the Consolidated Statement of Income; and
• Reclassifies the parent’s share of components previously recognized in OCI to profit or loss or retained earnings, as appropriate, as would be required if the Group had directly disposed of the related assets or liabilities.

All Intra-group balances and any income and expenses arising from intra-group transactions, are eliminated in preparing these Consolidated Financial Statements.

(c) Financial assets and financial liabilities

(i) Recognition and Initial measurement

A financial asset or financial liability is measured initially at fair value plus, for an item not at FVTPL, transaction costs that are directly attributable to its acquisition or issue.

(ii) Classification of financial assets

On initial recognition, a financial asset is classified as measured at amortized cost, FVOCI or FVTPL.

Financial Assets at amortized cost

A financial asset is measured at amortized cost if it meets both of the following conditions and is not designated at FVTPL:

• The asset is held within a business model whose objective is to hold assets to collect contractual cash flows; and
• The contractual terms of the financial asset give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.

Financial Assets at FVOCI

Debt Instruments

A debt instrument is measured at FVOCI only if it meets both of the following conditions and is not designated as at FVTPL:

• The asset is held within a business model whose objective is achieved by both collecting contractual cash flows and selling financial assets; and
• The contractual terms of the financial asset give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.

FVOCI debt instruments are subsequently measured at fair value with gains and losses arising due to changes in fair value recognized in OCI. Special commission income and foreign exchange gains and losses are recognized in the Consolidated Statement of Income.

Equity Investments

On initial recognition, for an equity investment that is not held for trading, the Group may irrevocably elect to present subsequent changes in fair value in OCI. This election is made on an instrument-by-instrument (i.e. share-by-share) basis.

Financial Assets at FVTPL

All other financial assets are classified as measured at FVTPL.

In addition, on initial recognition, the Bank may irrevocably designate a financial asset that otherwise meets the requirements to be measured at amortized cost or at FVOCI at FVTPL if doing so eliminates or significantly reduces an accounting mismatch that would otherwise arise.

Reclassification

Financial assets are not reclassified subsequent to their initial recognition, except in the period after the Bank changes its business model for managing financial assets.

Business model assessment

The Group makes an assessment of the objective of a business model in which an asset is held at a portfolio level because this best reflects the way the business is managed and information is provided to Management. The information considered includes:

• The stated policies and objectives for the portfolio and the operation of those policies in practice. In particular, whether Management's strategy focuses on earning contractual interest revenue, maintaining a particular interest rate profile, matching the duration of the financial assets to the duration of the liabilities that are funding those assets, or realizing cash flows through the sale of the assets;
• How the performance of the portfolio is evaluated and reported to the Group's management;
• The risks that affect the performance of the business model (and the financial assets held within that business model) and how those risks are managed;
• How managers of the business are compensated - e.g. whether compensation is based on the fair value of the assets managed or the contractual cash flows collected; and
• The frequency, volume, and timing of sales in prior periods, the reasons for such sales and the expectations about future sales activity. However, information about sales activity is not considered in isolation, but as part of an overall assessment of how the Group's stated objective for managing the financial assets is achieved and how cash flows are realized.

The business model assessment is also based on reasonably expected scenarios without taking “worst case” or “stress case” scenarios into account. If cash flows after initial recognition are realized in a way that is different from the Group's original expectations, the Group does not change the classification of the remaining financial assets held in that business model, but incorporates such information when assessing newly originated or newly purchased financial assets in the future.

Financial assets that may be held for trading and for which performance is evaluated on a fair value basis are measured at FVTPL because they are neither held to collect contractual cash flows nor held to both collect contractual cash flows and to sell the financial assets.

Assessments whether contractual cash flows are solely payments of principal and interest

For the purposes of this assessment, “principal” is the fair value of the financial asset on initial recognition. “Special commission” is the consideration for the time value of money, the credit and other basic lending risks associated with the principal amount outstanding during a particular period and other basic lending costs (e.g. liquidity risk and administrative costs), along with a profit margin.

In assessing whether the contractual cash flows are solely payments of principal and interest, the Group considers the contractual terms of the instrument. This includes assessing whether the financial asset contains a contractual term that could change the timing or amount of contractual cash flows such that it would not meet this condition. In making the assessment, the Group considers:

• Contingent events that would change the amount and timing of cash flows;
• Leverage features;
• Prepayment and extension terms;
• Terms that limit the Group's claim to cash flows from specified assets (e.g. non-recourse asset arrangements); and
• Features that modify consideration of the time value of money – e.g. periodical reset of interest rates.

(iii) Classification of financial liabilities

The Group classifies its financial liabilities at amortized cost. Amortized cost is calculated by taking into account any discount or premium on issued funds, and costs that are an integral part of the expected special commission rate.

(iv) Derecognition

Financial assets

The Group derecognizes a financial asset when the contractual rights to the cash flows from the financial asset expire, or it transfers the rights to receive the contractual cash flows in a transaction in which substantially all of the risks and rewards of ownership of the financial asset are transferred or in which the Group neither transfers nor retains substantially all of the risks and rewards of ownership and it does not retain control of the financial asset.

On derecognition of a financial asset, the difference between the carrying amount of the asset (or the carrying amount allocated to the portion of the asset derecognized) and the sum of (i) the consideration received (including any new asset obtained less any new liability assumed) and (ii) any cumulative gain or loss that had been recognized in OCI is recognized in the Consolidated Statement of Income.

When assets are sold to a third party with a concurrent total rate of return swap on the transferred assets, the transaction is accounted for as a secured financing transaction similar to sale and repurchase transactions, as the Group retains all or substantially all of the risks and rewards of ownership of such assets.

In transactions in which the Group neither retains nor transfers substantially all of the risks and rewards of ownership of a financial asset and it retains control over the asset, the Group continues to recognize the asset to the extent of its continuing involvement, determined by the extent to which it is exposed to changes in the value of the transferred asset.

In certain transactions, the Group may retain the obligation to service a transferred financial asset for a fee. The transferred asset is derecognized if it meets the derecognition criteria. However, an asset or liability is recognized for the servicing contract if the servicing fee is more than adequate (asset) or is less than adequate (liability) for performing the servicing.

The Group may securitize various loans and advances to customers or investment securities, which generally result in the sale of these assets to unconsolidated securitization vehicles and in the Bank transferring substantially all of the risks and rewards of ownership. The securitization vehicles in turn issue securities to investors. Interests in the securitized financial assets are generally retained in the form of senior or subordinated tranches, interest-only strips or other residual interests (retained interests). Retained interests are recognized as investment securities and carried at FVOCI. Gains or losses on securitization are recorded in the Consolidated Statement of Income.

Any cumulative gain/loss recognized in OCI in respect of equity investment securities designated at FVOCI is not recognized in the Consolidated Statement of Income on derecognition of such securities. Cumulative gains and losses recognized in OCI in respect of such equity investment securities are transferred to retained earnings on disposal. Any interest in transferred financial assets that qualify for derecognition that is created or retained by the Bank is recognized as a separate asset or liability.

Financial liabilities

The Group derecognizes a financial liability when its contractual obligations are discharged, cancelled, or expire.

(v) Modifications of financial assets and financial liabilities

If the terms of a financial asset are modified, the Group evaluates whether the cash flows of the modified asset are substantially different. If the cash flows are substantially different, then the contractual rights to cash flows from the original financial asset are deemed to have expired. In this case, the original financial asset is derecognized and a new financial asset is recognized at fair value.

If the cash flows of the modified asset carried at amortized cost are not substantially different, then the modification does not result in derecognition of the financial asset. In this case, the Group recalculates the gross carrying amount of the financial asset and recognizes the amount arising from adjusting the gross carrying amount as a modification gain or loss in the Consolidated Statement of Income. If such a modification is carried out because of financial difficulties of the borrower, then the gain or loss is presented together with impairment losses. In other cases, it is presented as an adjustment to special commission income.

The Group derecognizes a financial liability when its terms are modified and the cash flows of the modified liability are substantially different. In this case, a new financial liability based on the modified terms is recognized at fair value. The difference between the carrying amount of the financial liability extinguished and the new financial liability with modified terms is recognized in the Consolidated Statement of Income.

(vi) Impairment

The Group recognizes loss allowances for ECL on the following financial instruments that are not measured at FVTPL:

• Due from banks and other financial institutions;
• Financial assets that are debt securities;
• Loans and advances, including lease receivables;
• Loan commitments issued;
• Financial guarantee contracts issued; and
• Other financial assets.

No impairment loss is recognized on equity investments.

The Bank measures loss allowances at an amount equal to lifetime ECL, except for the following, for which they are measured equal to a 12-month ECL:

• Debt investment securities that are determined to have low credit risk at the reporting date; and
• Other financial instruments on which credit risk has not increased significantly since their initial recognition. See Note 30h.

The Group considers a debt security to have low credit risk when their credit risk rating is equivalent to the globally understood definition of 'investment grade'.

12-month ECL is the portion of ECL that results from default events on a financial instrument that are possible within the 12 months after the reporting date.

Measurement of ECL

ECL is a probability-weighted estimate of credit losses. ECL is measured as follows:

• Financial assets that are not credit-impaired at the reporting date: as the present value of all cash shortfalls (i.e. the difference between the cash flows due to the entity in accordance with the contract and the cash flows that the Group expects to receive);
• Financial assets that are credit-impaired at the reporting date: as the difference between the gross carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash flows;
• Undrawn loan commitments: as the present value of the difference between the contractual cash flows that are due to the Bank if the commitment is drawn down and the cash flows that the Bank expects to receive; and
• Financial guarantee contracts: as the expected payments to reimburse the holder less any amounts that the Bank expects to recover.

Restructured financial assets

If the terms of a financial asset are renegotiated or modified or an existing financial asset is replaced with a new one due to financial difficulties of the borrower, then an assessment is made to determine whether the financial asset should be derecognized and ECL is measured as follows:

• If the expected restructuring will not result in derecognition of the existing asset, then the expected cash flows arising from the modified financial asset are included in calculating the cash shortfalls from the existing asset; and
• If the expected restructuring will result in derecognition of the existing asset, then the expected fair value of the new asset is treated as the final cash flow from the existing financial asset at the time of its derecognition. This amount is included in calculating the cash shortfalls from the existing financial asset that are discounted from the expected date of derecognition to the reporting date using the original effective interest rate of the existing financial asset.

Credit impaired financial assets

At each reporting date, the Group assesses whether financial assets carried at amortized cost and debt securities carried at FVOCI are credit-impaired. A financial asset is 'credit-impaired' when one or more events that have a detrimental impact on the estimated future cash flows of the financial asset have occurred.

Evidence that a financial asset is credit-impaired includes the following observable data:

• Significant financial difficulty of the borrower or issuer;
• A breach of contract such as a default or past due event;
• The restructuring of a loan or advance by the Group on terms that the Bank would not consider otherwise ;
• It is becoming probable that the borrower will enter bankruptcy or other financial reorganization; or
• The disappearance of an active market for a security because of financial difficulties.

A loan that has been renegotiated due to deterioration in the borrower's condition is usually considered to be credit-impaired unless there is evidence that the risk of not receiving contractual cash flows has reduced significantly and there are no other indicators of impairment. In addition, a retail consumer loan that is overdue for 90 days or more is considered impaired.

In making an assessment as to whether an investment in sovereign debt is credit-impaired, the Group considers the following factors:

• The market's assessment of creditworthiness as reflected in bond yields;
• Rating agencies' assessments of creditworthiness;
• The country's ability to access the capital markets for new debt issuance;
• The probability of debt being restructured, resulting in holders suffering losses through voluntary or mandatory debt forgiveness; and
• The international support mechanisms in place to provide the necessary support as 'lender of last resort' to that country, as well as the intention, reflected in public statements, of governments and agencies to use those mechanisms. This includes an assessment of the depth of those mechanisms and, irrespective of the political intent, whether there is the capacity to fulfil the required criteria.

Presentation of the allowance for ECL in The Consolidated Statement of Financial Position

Allowances for credit losses are presented in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position as follows:

• Financial assets measured at amortized cost: as a deduction from the gross carrying amount of the assets;
• Loan commitments and financial guarantee contracts: as an allowance in other liabilities;
• Where a financial instrument includes both a drawn and an undrawn component, and the Group cannot identify the ECL on the loan commitment component separately from those on the drawn component: the Group presents a combined loss allowance for both components. The combined amount is presented as a deduction from the gross carrying amount of the drawn component. Any excess of the loss allowance over the gross amount of the drawn component is presented as an allowance in other liabilities; and
• For debt securities measured at FVOCI, no loss allowance is recognized against financial assets because the carrying amount of these assets is considered fair value. However, the loss allowance is disclosed and is included in OCI.

(vii) Write-offs

Loans and debt securities are written off (either partially or in full) when there is no realistic prospect of recovery. However, financial assets that are written off could still be subject to enforcement activities in order to comply with the Group's procedures for recovery of amounts due. If the amount to be written off is greater than the accumulated allowance for credit losses, the difference is first treated as an addition to the allowance and then applied against the gross carrying amount. Any subsequent recoveries are credited to provisions for credit losses.

(viii) Offsetting financial instruments

Financial assets and liabilities are offset and are reported net in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position when there is a legally enforceable right to set off the recognized amounts, when the Group intends to settle on a net basis, or to realize the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.

Income and expenses are not offset in the Consolidated Statement of Income unless required or permitted by any accounting standard or interpretation, and as specifically disclosed in the accounting policies of the Group.

(ix) Financial guarantees and loan commitments

Financial guarantees are contracts that require the Group to make specified payments to reimburse the holder for a loss that it incurs because a specified debtor fails to make payment when it is due in accordance with the terms of a debt instrument. In the ordinary course of business, the Group gives financial guarantees, consisting of letters of credit, guarantees, and acceptances.

Loan commitments are firm commitments to provide credit under pre-specified terms and conditions. The Group has issued no loan commitments that are measured at FVTPL. For other loan commitments, the Group recognizes loss allowances.

Financial guarantees issued or commitments to provide a loan at a below-market interest rate are initially measured at fair value and the initial fair value is amortized over the life of the guarantee or the commitment. Subsequently, they are measured at the higher of this amortized amount and the amount of loss allowance.

(d) Investments in associates

Investments in associates are initially recognized at cost and subsequently accounted for under the equity method of accounting. An associate is an entity in which the Bank has significant influence (but not control) over financial and operating matters and which is neither a subsidiary nor a joint venture.

Investments in associates are carried in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position at cost, plus post-acquisition changes in the Group’s share of the net assets of the associates, less any impairment in the value of individual investments. Share in earnings of associates includes the changes in the Group’s share of the net assets of the associates. The Group’s share of its associates post-acquisition income or losses is recognized in the Consolidated Statement of Income and its share of post-acquisition movements in other comprehensive income is recognized in OCI included in shareholders’ equity. The cumulative post-acquisition movements are adjusted against the carrying amount of the investment. When the Group’s share of losses in an associate equals or exceeds its interest in the associate, including any other unsecured receivables, the Group does not recognize further losses, unless it has incurred obligations or made payments on behalf of the associate. Goodwill relating to the associate is included in the carrying amount of the investment and is neither amortized nor individually tested for impairment.

Unrealized gains and losses on transactions between the Bank and its associates are eliminated to the extent of the Group’s interest in the associates.

The Consolidated Statement of Income reflects the Group’s share of the results of operations of the associates. When there has been a change recognized directly in the equity of the associates, the Group recognizes its share of any changes and discloses this, when applicable, in the consolidated statement of changes in shareholders’ equity. Unrealized gains on transactions are eliminated to the extent of the Group’s interest in the investees. Unrealized losses are also eliminated unless the transaction provides evidence of impairment in the asset transferred.

The Group’s share of earnings in an associate is shown on the face of the Consolidated Statement of Income, which represents the net earnings attributable to equity holders of an associate and therefore income after Zakat and Income tax and non-controlling interests in the subsidiaries of the associate. The financial statements of the associate are prepared for the same reporting period as the Group. When necessary, adjustments are made to bring the accounting policies in line with those of the Group.

After application of the equity method, the Group determines whether it is necessary to recognize an impairment loss on an investment in an associate. The Group determines at each reporting date whether there is any objective evidence that the investment in the associate is impaired. If this is the case, the Group calculates the amount of impairment as the difference between the recoverable amount of the associate and its carrying value and recognizes the amount in the share in earnings of associates in the Consolidated Statement of Income.

When the ownership interest in an associate is reduced but significant influence is retained, the difference between the carrying amount of associate and the consideration received is recognized in the Consolidated Statement of Income. Proportionate share of the amounts previously recognized in other comprehensive income are reclassified to Consolidated Statement of Income, where appropriate upon reduction of ownership interest in an associate.

(e) Settlement date accounting

All regular-way purchases and sales of financial assets are recognized and derecognized on the settlement date, i.e. the date the asset is delivered to the counterparty. When settlement date accounting is applied, the Bank accounts for any change in the fair value between the trade date and the settlement date in the same way as it accounts for the acquired asset. Regular-way purchases or sales are purchases or sales of financial assets that require delivery of assets within the time frame generally established by regulation or convention in the market place.

(f) Derivative financial instruments and hedge accounting

As permitted by IFRS 9 – Financial Instruments, the Group has elected to continue to apply the hedge accounting requirements of IAS 39 – Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement.

Derivative financial instruments, including foreign exchange contracts, commission rate futures, forward rate agreements, currency and commission rate swaps, and currency and commission rate options (both written and purchased) are initially recognized at fair value on the date on which the derivatives contract is entered into and are subsequently re-measured at fair value in the consolidated statement of financial position with the transaction costs recognized in the consolidated statement of income. All derivatives are carried at their fair value as assets where the net fair value is positive and as liabilities where the net fair value is negative. Fair values are obtained by reference to quoted market prices, discounted cash flow methods, and pricing models as appropriate.

The treatment of changes in their fair value depends on their classification into the following categories:

(i) Derivatives held for trading

Any changes in the fair value of derivatives that are held for trading purposes are taken directly to the consolidated statement of income and disclosed in trading income. Derivatives held for trading also include those derivatives which do not qualify for hedge accounting.

(ii) Embedded derivatives

Derivatives may be embedded in another contractual arrangement (a host contract). The Group accounts for an embedded derivative separately from the host contract when:

• The host contract is not an asset in the scope of IFRS 9;
• The terms of the embedded derivative would meet the definition of a derivative if they were contained in a separate contract; and
• The economic characteristics and risks of the embedded derivative are not closely related to the economic characteristics and risks of the host contract.

Separate embedded derivatives are measured at fair value, with all changes in fair value recognized in the Consolidated Statement of Income unless they form part of qualifying cash flow or net investment hedging relationship in which case all changes in fair value are recognized in the Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income.

(iii) Hedge accounting

The Group designates certain derivatives as hedging instruments in qualifying hedging relationships to manage exposures to interest rates, foreign currency, and credit risks, including exposures arising from highly probable forecasted transactions and firm commitments. In order to manage a particular risk, the Bank applies hedge accounting for transactions that meet specific criteria.

For the purpose of hedge accounting, hedges are classified into two categories:

(a) fair value hedges which hedge the exposure to changes in the fair value of a recognized asset or liability, (or assets or liabilities in the case of portfolio hedging), or an unrecognized firm commitment or an identified portion of such an asset, liability or firm commitment, that is attributable to a particular risk and could affect the reported net gain or loss; and

(b) cash flow hedges which hedge exposure to variability in cash flows that are either attributable to a particular risk associated with a recognized asset or liability or to a highly probable forecasted transaction that will affect the reported net gain or loss.

In order to qualify for hedge accounting, the hedge should be expected to be highly effective, i.e. the changes in fair value or cash flows of the hedging instrument should effectively offset corresponding changes in the hedged risk, and should be reliably measurable. At inception of the hedge, the risk management objective and strategy are documented including the identification of the hedging instrument, the related hedged item, the nature of the risk being hedged, and how the Group will assess the effectiveness of the hedging relationship. Subsequently, the hedge is required to be assessed and determined to be an effective hedge.

At each hedge effectiveness assessment/reporting date, each hedge relationship must be expected to be highly effective on a prospective basis and demonstrate that it was effective (retrospective effectiveness) for the designated period in order to qualify for hedge accounting. A formal assessment is undertaken by comparing the hedging instrument’s effectiveness in offsetting the changes in fair value or cash flows attributable to the hedged risk in the hedged item, at inception and at each quarter end on an ongoing basis. A hedge is expected to be highly effective if the changes in fair value or cash flows attributable to the hedged risk during the period for which the hedge is designated were offset by the hedging instrument in a range of 80% to 125% and were expected to achieve such offset in future periods. Hedge ineffectiveness if significant is recognized in the Consolidated Statement of Income. For situations where the hedged item is a forecasted transaction, the Group also assesses whether the transaction is highly probable and presents an exposure to variations in cash flows that could ultimately affect the Consolidated Statement of Income.

Fair value hedges

When a derivative is designated as a hedging instrument in the hedge of a change in fair value of a recognized asset or liability or a firm commitment that could affect the consolidated statement of income, any gain or loss from re-measuring the hedging instruments to fair value is recognized immediately in the consolidated statement of income together with the change in the fair value of the attributable hedged risk in special commission income.

For hedged items measured at amortized cost, where the fair value hedge of a commission bearing financial instrument ceases to meet the criteria for hedge accounting or is sold, exercised or terminated, the difference between the carrying value of the hedged item on termination and the face value is amortized over the remaining term of the original hedge using the effective interest rate method. If the hedged item is derecognized, the unamortized fair value adjustment is recognized immediately in the Consolidated Statement of Income.

Cash flow hedges

When a derivative is designated and qualified as a hedging instrument in the hedge of a variability of cash flows attributable to a particular risk associated with a recognized asset or a liability or a highly probable forecasted transaction that could affect the Consolidated Statement of Income, the portion of the gain or loss on the hedging instrument that is determined to be an effective portion is recognized directly in OCI and the ineffective portion, if any, is recognized in the Consolidated Statement of Income. For cash flow hedges affecting future transactions, the gains or losses recognized in OCI, are transferred to the Consolidated Statement of Income in the same period in which the hedged transaction affects the Consolidated Statement of Income. However, if the Bank expects that all or a portion of a loss recognized in OCI will not be recovered in one or more future periods, it reclassifies into the Consolidated Statement of Income as a reclassification adjustment the amount that is not to be recognized.

Where the hedged transaction results in the recognition of a non-financial asset or a non-financial liability, then at the time such asset or liability is recognized, the associated gains or losses that had previously been recognized directly in other comprehensive income are included in the initial measurement of the acquisition cost or other carrying amount of such asset or liability.

When the hedging instrument expires or is sold, terminated or exercised, or no longer qualifies for hedge accounting, or the transaction is no longer expected to occur or the Group revokes the designation, then hedge accounting is discontinued prospectively. At that point of time, any cumulative gain or loss on the cash flow hedging instrument that was recognized in other comprehensive income from the period when the hedge was effective is transferred from shareholders’ equity to the Consolidated Statement of Income when the forecasted transaction occurs. Where the hedged transaction is no longer expected to occur and affects the Consolidated Statement of Income, the net cumulative gain or loss previously recognized in other comprehensive income is transferred immediately to the Consolidated Statement of Income.

(g) Foreign currencies

Transactions in foreign currencies are translated into SAR at the exchange rates prevailing at transaction dates. Monetary assets and liabilities at year-end, denominated in foreign currencies, are translated into SAR at the exchange rates prevailing at the consolidated statement of financial position date.

The foreign currency gain or loss on monetary items is the difference between amortized cost in the functional currency at the beginning of the year adjusted for effective interest rates and payments during the year, and the amortized cost in foreign currency translated at the exchange rate at the end of the year. All differences arising on non-trading activities are taken to other non operating income in the Consolidated Statement of Income, with the exception of differences of foreign currency borrowings that provide an effective hedge against a net investment in a foreign entity. Foreign exchange gains or losses on translation of monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are recognized in the Consolidated Statement of Income except for differences arising on the retranslation of equity instruments or when deferred in other comprehensive income as qualifying cash flow hedges and qualifying net investment hedges to the extent hedges are effective. Translation gains or losses on non-monetary items carried at fair value are included as part of the fair value adjustment on investment securities available for sale, unless the non-monetary items have an effective hedging strategy.

Non-monetary items that are measured in terms of historical cost in a foreign currency are translated using the exchange rates as of the dates of the initial transactions. Non-monetary items measured at fair value in a foreign currency are translated using the exchange rates at the date when the fair value is determined.

(h) Government grants

Grants received from the government are recognized at their fair value where there is reasonable assurance that the grant will be received and the Group will comply with the conditions associated with the grant. The benefit of a SAMA deposit at a below-market commission rate is treated as a government grant related to income. Below-market rate deposits are recognized and measured in accordance with IFRS 9 – Financial Instruments and included in due to banks and other financial institutions.

The benefit of the below-market rate of commission is measured as the difference between the initial fair value of the deposit determined in accordance with IFRS 9 and the proceeds received and is presented as a discount to the SAMA deposit.

The benefit is accounted for in accordance with the requirements of IAS 20 - Accounting for Government Grants and Disclosure of Government Assistance. The grant income is only recognized when the ultimate beneficiary is the Group. Where the customer is the ultimate beneficiary, the Group only records the respective receivable and payable amounts. Government grant income is recognized in special commission income on a systematic basis to the extent of related costs for which the grant is intended to compensate, with the remaining discount deferred and included in other liabilities.

(i) Revenue/expense recognition

Revenue is recognized to the extent that it is probable that economic benefits will flow to the Group, and the revenue can be reliably measured. The following specific recognition criteria must also be met before revenue is recognized.

(i) Special commission income and expense

Special commission income and expense for all special commission earning/bearing financial instruments are recognized in the Consolidated Statement of Income on the effective special commission rate basis. The effective special commission rate is the rate that discounts the estimated future cash payments and receipts through the expected life of the financial asset or liability (or, where appropriate, a shorter period) to the carrying amount of the financial asset or liability. When calculating the effective special commission rate, the Group estimates future cash flows considering all contractual terms of the financial instrument but not future credit losses.

The carrying amount of a financial asset or financial liability is adjusted if the Group revises its estimates of payments or receipts. The adjusted carrying amount is calculated based on the original effective special commission rate and the change in carrying amount is recorded as special commission income or expense.

If the recorded value of a financial asset or a group of similar financial assets has been reduced due to an impairment loss, special commission income continues to be recognized on the effective special commission rate basis, based on the asset’s carrying value net of impairment provisions.

The calculation of the effective special commission rate considers all contractual terms of the financial instruments (prepayment, options etc.) and includes all fees paid or transaction costs, and discounts or premiums that are an integral part of the effective special commission rate. Transaction costs are incremental costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition, issue or disposal of a financial asset or liability.

Measurement of amortized cost and special commission income

The amortized cost of a financial asset or financial liability is the amount at which the financial asset or financial liability is measured on initial recognition minus the principal repayments, plus or minus the cumulative amortization using the effective interest method of any difference between that initial amount and the maturity amount and, for financial assets, adjusted for any expected credit loss allowance.

The gross carrying amount of a financial asset is the amortized cost of a financial asset before adjusting for any expected credit loss allowance.

In calculating special commission income and expense, the effective special commission rate is applied to the gross carrying amount of the asset (when the asset is not credit-impaired) or to the amortized cost of the liability.

For financial assets that have become credit-impaired subsequent to initial recognition, special commission income is calculated by applying the effective special commission rate to the amortized cost of the financial asset. If the asset is no longer credit-impaired then the calculation of special commission income reverts to the gross basis.

For financial assets that were credit-impaired on initial recognition, special commission income is calculated by applying the credit-adjusted effective special commission rate to the amortized cost of the asset. The calculation of special commission income does not revert to a gross basis, even if the credit risk of the asset improves.

Rendering of services

The Group provides various services to its customers. These services are either rendered separately or bundled together with the rendering of other services.

Revenue from rendering of services related to share trading and fund management, trade finance, corporate finance and advisory and other banking services, are recognized at the point when services are rendered i.e. when performance obligation is satisfied. For free services related to credit cards, the Group recognizes revenue over a period of time.

(ii) Exchange income/loss

Exchange income/loss is recognized when earned/incurred and in accordance with the principles included in Note 3 (g).

(iii) Fee income from banking services

Fees that are considered an integral to the effective special commission rate are deferred and included in the measurement of the relevant assets.

Fees from banking services that are not an integral component of the effective special commission rate calculation on a financial asset or liability are generally recognized on an accrual basis when the related service is provided.

Portfolio and other Management advisory and service fees are recognized based on the applicable service contracts, usually on a time-proportionate basis.

Fees received on asset management, custody services and other similar services that are provided over an extended period of time, are recognized over the period when the service is being provided.

Performance linked fees or fee components are recognized when the performance criteria is fulfilled.

Loan commitment fees for loans that are likely to be drawn down and other credit related fees are deferred, together with the investment costs, and recognized as an adjustment to the effective special commission rate on the loan. When a loan commitment is not expected to result in the draw-down of a loan, loan commitment fees are recognized on a straight-line basis over the commitment period.

Other fees and commission expense relate mainly to transaction and service fees, and are recognized as expenses as the services are received or the transaction is completed.

(iv) Dividend income

Dividend income is recognized when the right to receive payment is established.

(v) Day 1 profit or loss

Where a transaction price differs from the fair value of other observable current market transactions in the same instrument or based on a valuation technique whose variables include only data from observable markets, the Group immediately recognizes the difference between the transaction price and fair value (a Day 1 profit or loss) in the Consolidated Statement of Income. In cases where use is made of data which is not observable, the difference between the transaction price and model value is only recognized in the Consolidated Statement of Income when the inputs become observable, or when the instrument is derecognized.

(vi) Customer loyalty programs

The Group offers customer loyalty programs referred to as reward points, which allows customers to earn points that can be redeemed through certain partner outlets. The Group allocates a portion of the transaction price to the reward points awarded to members, based on estimates of costs of future redemptions. The amount of expense allocated to reward points is charged to the consolidated statement of income with a corresponding liability recognized in other liabilities. The cumulative amount of the liability related to unredeemed reward points is adjusted over time based on actual redemption experience and current and expected trends with respect to future redemptions.

(j) Re-purchase agreements and reverse repurchase agreements

Assets sold with a simultaneous commitment to re-purchase at a specified future date (repurchase agreements) continue to be recognized in the consolidated statement of financial position as the Group retains substantially all of the risks and rewards of ownership, and are measured in accordance with related accounting policies for investments. The transactions are treated as a collateralized borrowing and the counter party liability for amounts received under these agreements is included in due to banks and other financial institutions, as appropriate. The difference between the sale and re-purchase price is treated as special commission expense and recognized over the life of the re-purchase agreement on an effective yield basis.

Underlying assets purchased with a corresponding commitment to resell at a specified future date (reverse re-purchase agreements) are not recognized in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position, as the Group does not obtain control over the underlying assets. Amounts paid under these agreements are included in cash and balances with SAMA. The difference between the purchase and resale price is treated as special commission income and recognized over the life of the reverse re-purchase agreement on an effective yield basis.

(k) Impairment of non-financial assets

The Group assesses at each reporting date whether there is an indication that non-financial assets may be impaired. If any indication exists, or when periodic impairment testing for an asset is required, the Group estimates the asset’s recoverable amount. An asset’s recoverable amount is the higher of an asset’s or cash-generating unit’s (CGU) fair value less costs to sell and its value in use. Where the carrying amount of an asset or CGU exceeds its recoverable amount, the asset is considered impaired and is written down to its recoverable amount. In assessing value in use, the estimated future cash flows are discounted to their present value using a discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the asset. In determining an asset’s fair value less costs to sell, an appropriate valuation model is used. These model calculations are corroborated by valuation multiples, or other available fair value indicators.

(l) Other real estate

The Group, in the ordinary course of business, acquires certain real estate against settlement of loans and advances. Such real estate is considered as held for sale and is initially stated at the lower of net realizable value of the loans and advances and the current fair value of the related properties, less any costs to sell, if material. No depreciation is charged on such real estate. Rental income from other real estate is recognized in the Consolidated Statement of Income.

Subsequent to initial recognition, any subsequent write down to fair value, less costs to sell, are charged to the Consolidated Statement of Income. Any subsequent gain in the fair value less costs to sell these assets to the extent this does not exceed the cumulative write down is recognized together with any gain/ loss on disposal in the Consolidated Statement of Income.

(m) Property, equipment, and Information technology intangible assets

Property, equipment, and Information technology intangible assets are stated at cost and presented net of accumulated depreciation and amortization. Land is not depreciated. The costs of other property, equipment, and Information technology intangible assets are depreciated or amortized using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets as follows:

The assets’ residual values, useful lives, and depreciation or amortization methods are reviewed and adjusted, if appropriate, at each reporting date. Gains and losses on disposals are determined by comparing proceeds with carrying amounts. These are included in the Consolidated Statement of Income.

Other expenditures are capitalized only when it is probable that the future economic benefit of the expenditure will flow to the Group. Ongoing repairs and maintenance costs are expensed when incurred.

Assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. Any carrying amount is written down immediately to its recoverable amount if the asset’s carrying amount is greater than its estimated recoverable amount.

(n) Leases

At the inception of a contract, the Group assesses whether a contract is, or contains, a lease. A contract is, or contains, a lease if the contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration. To assess whether a contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset, the Group assesses whether:

• the contract involves the use of an identified asset – this may be specified explicitly or implicitly, and should be physically distinct or represent substantially all of the capacity of a physically distinct asset. If the supplier has a substantive substitution right, then the asset is not identified;
• the Group has the right to obtain substantially all of the economic benefits from use of the asset throughout the period of use; and
• the Group has the right to direct the use of the asset. The Group has this right when it has the decision-making rights that are most relevant to changing how and for what purpose the asset is used.

Right-of-Use (ROU) leased assets

The Group recognizes an ROU leased asset and a lease liability at the lease commencement date. The ROU leased asset is initially measured at cost, which comprises the initial amount of the lease liability adjusted for any lease payments made at or before the commencement date, plus any initial direct costs incurred and an estimate of costs to dismantle and remove the underlying asset or to restore the underlying asset or the site on which it is located, less any lease incentives received.

The ROU leased asset is subsequently depreciated using the straight-line method from the commencement date to the earlier of the end of the useful life of ROU leased asset or the end of the lease term. The estimated useful lives of ROU leased assets are determined on the same basis as those of property and equipment. In addition, the ROU leased asset is periodically reduced by impairment losses, if any, and adjusted for certain remeasurements of the lease liability.

Lease liabilities

The lease liability is initially measured at the present value of the lease payments that are not paid at the commencement date, discounted using the interest rate implicit in the lease or, if that rate cannot be readily determined, the Group’s incremental borrowing rate. Generally, the Group uses its incremental borrowing rate as the discount rate.

Lease payments included in the measurement of the lease liability comprise the following:

• fixed payments, including in-substance fixed payments;
• variable lease payments that depend on an index or a rate, initially measured using the index or rate as at the commencement date;
• amounts expected to be payable under a residual value guarantee; and
• the exercise price under a purchase option that the Group is reasonably certain to exercise, lease payments in an optional renewal period if the Group is reasonably certain to exercise an extension option, and penalties for early termination of a lease unless the Group is reasonably certain not to terminate early.

A lease liability is measured at amortized cost using the effective special commission rate method increasing the carrying amount to reflect special commission on the lease liability and reducing the carrying amount to reflect the lease payments made including prepayments.

The lease liability is re-measured when there is a change in future lease payments arising from a change in an index or rate, if there is a change in the Group’s estimate of the amount expected to be payable under a residual value guarantee, or if the Group changes its assessment of whether it will exercise a purchase, extension or termination option. When the lease liability is remeasured, a corresponding adjustment is made to the carrying amount of the ROU asset, or is recorded in Consolidated Statement of Income if the carrying amount of ROU asset has been reduced to zero.

The Group presents ROU leased assets in ‘Property and equipment’ and lease liabilities in ‘Other liabilities’ in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position.

Leases of low-value assets

The Group has elected not to recognize ROU leased assets and lease liabilities for leases of low-value assets. The Group recognizes the lease payments associated with these leases as an expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

(o) Provisions

Provisions are recognized for on and off balance sheet items when a reliable estimate can be made by the Group for a present legal or constructive obligation as a result of past events and it is more likely than not that an outflow of resources will be required to settle the obligation.

(p) Cash and cash equivalents

For the purpose of the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows, cash and cash equivalents are defined as those amounts included in cash and balances with SAMA excluding statutory deposits, and due from banks and other financial institutions maturing within three months from the date of acquisition which are also subject to insignificant risk of changes in their fair value.

(q) Zakat, Income tax, and Value Added tax

The Group is subject to Zakat and Income tax in accordance with the regulations of the General Authority of Zakat and Income tax (“GAZT”). Provisions for Zakat and Income tax are charged to the Consolidated Statement of Income.

Management periodically evaluates positions taken in Zakat and Income tax returns with respect to situations in which applicable Zakat and Income tax regulations are subject to interpretation. It establishes provisions, where appropriate, on the basis of amounts expected to be paid to the GAZT. Adjustments arising from final assessments are recorded in the period in which such assessments are made.

Since Zakat is not accounted for similar to Income tax, no deferred Zakat is calculated.

IFRIC Interpretation 23 Uncertainty over Income Tax Treatments

IFRIC Interpretation 23 addresses the accounting for Income tax when tax treatments involve uncertainty that affects the application of IAS 12 Income Taxes. It does not apply to taxes or levies outside the scope of IAS 12, nor does it specifically include requirements relating to interest and penalties associated with uncertain tax treatments. The Interpretation specifically addresses the following:

• Whether uncertain tax treatments are considered separately;
• The assumptions about the examination of tax treatments by taxation authorities;
• How taxable profit, tax bases, unused tax losses, unused tax credits and tax rates are determined; and
• How changes in facts and circumstances are considered.

The Group determines whether to consider each uncertain tax treatment separately or together with one or more other uncertain tax treatments. The approach that better predicts the resolution of the uncertainty is followed.

The Group applies judgement in identifying uncertainties over Income tax treatments. Upon adoption of the Interpretation, the Group has considered whether it has any uncertain tax positions including transfer pricing. The Group determined, based on its tax compliance and transfer pricing study, that it is probable that its tax treatments (including those for the subsidiaries) will be accepted by the GAZT. The Interpretation did not have an impact on the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Group.

Value Added tax (“VAT”)

The Group collects VAT from its customers for qualifying services provided, and makes VAT payments to its vendors for qualifying payments. On a monthly basis, net VAT remittances are made to the GAZT representing VAT collected from its customers, net of any recoverable VAT on payments. Unrecoverable VAT is borne by the Group and is either expensed or in the case of property, equipment, and intangibles payments, is capitalized and either depreciated or amortized as part of the capital cost.

(r) Short-term employees’ benefits and Employee end of service benefit plan

Short-term employees’ benefits are measured on an undiscounted basis and are expensed as the related service is provided. A liability is recognized for the amount expected to be paid under short term cash bonus or profit sharing plans if the Group has a present legal or constructive obligation to pay this amount as a result of past service provided by the employee and the obligation can be estimated reliably.

The Group operates an end of service benefit plan for its employees based on prevailing Saudi Labour laws. Accruals are made in accordance with actuarial valuations using a projected unit credit method while the benefit payments are discharged as and when the benefit payments are due.

(s) Asset management services

The Group offers asset management services to its customers, which include management of investment funds in consultation with professional investment advisors. The Group’s share of these funds is included in investments and fees earned are included in fee income from banking services, net. The Group’s share of investment in these funds is included in the FVTPL investments and fees earned are disclosed under related party transactions.

Assets held in trust or in a fiduciary capacity are not treated as assets of the Group and accordingly are not included in the Consolidated Financial Statements.

(t) Non-interest based banking products

In addition to conventional banking, the Group offers to its customers certain non-interest based banking products, which are approved by its Shariah Board.

High level definitions of non-interest based products include:

i. Murabaha – an agreement whereby the Group sells to a customer a commodity or an asset, which the Group has purchased and acquired based on a promise received from the customer to buy. The selling price comprises the cost plus an agreed profit margin.

ii. Tawaruq – a form of Murabaha transaction where the Group purchases a commodity and sells it to the customer. The customer sells the underlying commodity at spot and uses the proceeds for his financing requirements.

iii. Istisna’a – an agreement between the Group and a customer whereby the Group sells to the customer a developed asset according to agreed upon specifications, for an agreed upon price.

iv. Ijarah – an agreement whereby the Group, acting as a lessor, purchases or constructs an asset for lease according to the customer request (lessee), based on his promise to lease the asset for an agreed rent and specific period that could end by transferring the ownership of the leased asset to the lessee.

All non-special interest-based banking products are accounted for in conformity with the accounting policies described in these Consolidated Financial Statements.

(a) Cash and balances with SAMA as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 are summarized as follows:

In accordance with the Banking Control Law and regulations issued by SAMA, the Bank is required to maintain a statutory deposit with SAMA at stipulated percentages of its average demand, savings, time and other deposits, calculated at the end of each month. The statutory deposit with SAMA is not available to finance the Bank’s day-to-day operations and therefore does not form a part of cash and cash equivalents.

(b) Cash and cash equivalents included in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 comprised the following:

(a) Due from banks and other financial institutions, net as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 are summarized as follows:

The credit quality of due from banks and other financial institutions is managed using data from reputable external credit ratings agencies. The average S&P rating for the portfolio is an investment grade of “BBB” for 2020 (2019: “BBB”).

(b) The movement of the allowance for credit losses for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 is summarized as follows:

(a) Investments as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 are summarized as follows:

Debt securities and equities are classified at FVOCI, and mutual funds and other securities are classified at FVTPL.

The Group’s investments in equities include SAR 8.6 million as of December 31, 2020 (2019: SAR 8.6 million) which the Bank acquired in prior years in connection with the settlement of certain loans and advances.

The Group also holds strategic investments in equities totalling SAR 365.1 million as of December 31, 2020 (2019: SAR 247.5 million) including the Mediterranean and Gulf Cooperative Insurance and Reinsurance Company, SIMAH (the Saudi Credit Bureau), and the Saudi Company for Registration of Finance Lease Contracts.

Fixed rate bonds include investments in SAMA treasury bills totaling SAR 1.6 billion as of December 31, 2020 (2019: NIL).
These are valued through quoted prices in an active market.

(b) The composition of investments as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 is as follows:

The unquoted debt securities above are principally comprised of Saudi Government Development Bonds, and certain Saudi corporate securities. Equities reported under FVOCI investments include unquoted shares of SAR 13.3 million (2019: SAR 13.3 million) that are carried at cost, as their fair value cannot be reliably measured. Mutual funds are considered as quoted in the table above when the daily net asset values are published on the Saudi Stock Exchange (Tadawul).

The Group’s investment in mutual funds represent investments in Shariah compliant open ended investment funds for investors seeking capital appreciation and high liquidity through exposure to Shariah compliant Saudi equities and financial products. The Group has also invested in private real estate funds with the investment objective of delivering medium-term capital appreciation through development of premium residential apartments.

Investments include SAR 13.5 billion (2019: SAR 10.8 billion) in debt securities, which have been pledged under repurchase agreements with other financial institutions. Pledged assets are those financial assets that may be repledged or resold by counterparties to whom they have been transferred. These transactions are conducted under terms that are usual and customary to standard securities borrowing and lending activities, as well as requirements determined by exchanges on which the Bank acts as a participant. See Note 12 (b).

(c) Investments are classified by counterparty as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 as follows:

(d) The movement of the allowance for credit losses included in other reserves for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 is as follows:

(e) Other reserves classified in shareholders’ equity as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 are comprised of the following:

(a) Loans and advances, net classified as held at amortized cost as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 are comprised of the following:

(b) Total loans and advances are comprised of the following:

(c) The movement of the allowance for credit losses for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 is as follows:

i. Owing to the prevailing economic conditions, the Group has recognized additional ECL provisions of SAR 246.3 million during the year ended December 31, 2020 for its loans and advances portfolio as a result of adjustments to macroeconomic factors, scenario weightages, and post-model overlays. Refer to Note 39 for details.

(d) The credit quality of loans and advances as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 is summarized as follows:

(i) Neither past due nor credit-impaired loans and advances, are as follows:

The above table includes neither past due nor credit-impaired loans and advances classified as Stage 2 amounting to SAR 3.1 billion (2019: SAR 4.7 billion). These loans are classified as Stage 2 as they exhibit significant increase in credit risk due to their categorization as restructured, relative downgrade in ratings and watchlist. It also includes Stage 2 exposures which are yet to complete curing periods to be eligible to be upgraded to Stage 1.

The ratings of the loans and advances included above are described as follows:

Exceptional – leader in highly stable industry. Superior financial fundamentals and substantial cash flows. Has ready access to financial markets.

Excellent – leader in a stable industry. Better than peers’ financials and cash flows. Has access to financial markets under normal market conditions.

Strong – strong market and financial position with a history of successful performance but certain exceptions exist. Financial fundamentals are still better than industry benchmarks. The entity would have access to financial markets under normal market conditions.

Good – moderate degree of stability with industry or company specific risk factors. Financial fundamentals are sound and within industry benchmarks. Access to financial markets is limited and the entity is susceptible to cyclical changes.

Acceptable – minor weaknesses in industry or company specific risk factors. Some financial fundamentals are inferior to industry benchmarks. Alternative financing could be available but this might be limited to private and institutional sources only.

Marginal – unfavourable industry or company specific risk factors exist. Operating performance and financials are marginal. Alternative sources of finance are unlikely. No new business can be contemplated with this category.

Special Mention – unfavourable industry or company specific risk factors exist. Risk of non-payment is high. Financial fundamentals are well below industry benchmarks and alternative sources of finance are extremely limited.

Unrated – unrated loans and advances primarily consist of consumer and other retail loans with no past due balances.

(ii) Past due but not credit-impaired loans and advances as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 are as follows:

(e) The economic sector risk concentrations as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 are as follows:

(a) Investments in associates as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 include the Bank’s ownership interest in associated companies in KSA, as follows:

AMEX is a Saudi Arabian closed joint stock company in KSA with total capital of SAR 100 million. The principal activities of AMEX are to issue credit cards and offer other American Express products in KSA.

ORIX is a Saudi Arabian closed joint stock company in KSA with total capital of SAR 550 million. The primary business activities of ORIX include lease financing services in KSA. Subsequent to December 31, 2020, the Company was renamed to YANAL Finance (“YANAL”).

AMLAK is a Saudi Arabian joint stock company in KSA with total capital of SAR 906 million. AMLAK offers real estate finance products and services in KSA.

All of the Group’s associates are incorporated in and operate exclusively in KSA.

(b) The movement of investments in associates for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 is summarized as follows:

i. During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Group sold 30% of its shares in AMLAK as part of AMLAK’s Initial Public Offering. The carrying value of the investment sold amounted to SAR 112.6 million. Consideration received was
SAR 133.1 million. The gain from the sale amounted to SAR 19.4 million, net of other comprehensive loss transferred to the Consolidated Statement of Income on disposal of SAR 1.03 million, which is included in other income.

The retained interest in AMLAK continues to be classified as an associate as the Group continues to retain significant influence over financial and operating matters of the associated company. The fair value of the investment in AMLAK as of December 31, 2020 amounts to SAR 444.5 million.

ii. The Group owns a 50% equity interest in AMEX. The Management has assessed the investment in AMEX in accordance with the requirements of IFRS 10 “Consolidated Financial Statements“, IFRS 11 “Joint Arrangements” and IAS 28 “Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures” for control, joint control, and significant influence respectively. The Group has concluded it does not control or jointly control AMEX primarily due to a put option with the Bank and call option with the counterparty that is exercisable for the remaining term of the agreement.

The Management has therefore concluded that the Group has significant influence over the financial and operating matters of the associated company and is therefore accounted for under the equity method of accounting.

(c) The following table summarizes the associates’ assets, liabilities, and equity as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, and income and expense for the years then ended:

(d) The following table reconciles the summarized financial information to the carrying amount of the Bank’s investments in associates:

(a) Property and equipment, net as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 is summarized as follows:

The above line items include ROU leased assets, net as follows:

The lease term of leases included in ROU assets range from 5 years to 35 years (2019: 2 years to 27 years). The payment for rentals is made on a monthly, quarterly, and annual basis and is paid in advance or arrears.

(b) Information Technology intangible assets, net as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 is summarized as follows:

(a) Other assets, net as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 are summarized as follows:

(b) The movement of the allowance for credit losses for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 is summarized as follows:

(a) In the ordinary course of business, the Bank utilizes the following derivative financial instruments for trading and hedging purposes:

(i) Swaps

Swaps are commitments to exchange one set of cash flows for another. For special commission rate swaps, counterparties generally exchange fixed and floating rate commission payments in a single currency without exchanging notional amounts. For cross-currency special commission rate swaps, notional amounts, and fixed and floating special commission payments are exchanged in different currencies. The notional amounts can also vary based upon the agreed terms in the case of variable notional swaps.

(ii) Forwards and futures

Forwards and futures are contractual agreements to either buy or sell a specified currency, commodity or financial instrument at a specified price and date in the future. Forwards are customized contracts transacted in the over-the-counter market. Foreign currency and special commission rate futures are transacted in standardized amounts on regulated exchanges and changes in futures contract values are settled daily.

(iii) Forward rate agreements

Forward rate agreements are individually negotiated special commission rate contracts that call for a cash settlement for the difference between a contracted special commission rate and the market rate on a specified future date, on a notional principal, for an agreed period of time.

(iv) Options

Options are contractual agreements under which the seller (writer) grants the purchaser (holder) the right, but not the obligation, to either buy or sell at a fixed future date or at any time during a specified period, a specified amount of a currency, commodity, or financial instrument at a pre-determined price.

(b) The derivative financial instruments are either held for trading or held for hedging purposes as described below:

(i) Held for trading purposes

Most of the Bank’s derivative trading activities relate to sales, positioning and arbitrage. Sales activities involve offering products to customers and banks in order, inter alia, to enable them to transfer, modify or reduce current and future risks. Positioning involves managing market risk positions with the expectation of profit from favourable movements in prices, rates, or indices. Arbitrage involves identifying, with the expectation of profit from price differentials, between markets or products.

(ii) Held for hedging purposes

The Bank has adopted a comprehensive system for the measurement and management of risk. The risk management process involves managing the Bank’s exposure to fluctuations in currency and special commission rate risks to acceptable levels as determined by the Board of Directors and within the guidelines issued by SAMA.

The Board of Directors has established levels of currency risk by setting limits on counterparty and currency position exposures. Positions are routinely monitored and hedging strategies are used to ensure positions are maintained within the established limits. The Board of Directors has established the level of special commission rate risk by setting limits on special commission rate gaps for stipulated periods. Asset and liability special commission rate gaps are reviewed on a periodic basis and hedging strategies are periodically used to manage special commission rate gap within the established limits.

As part of its asset and liability management, the Bank uses derivatives for hedging purposes in order to optimize its own exposure to currency and special commission rate risks. This is generally achieved by hedging specific transactions. The Bank uses forward foreign exchange contracts to also apply various hedging strategies against specifically identified currency risks. In addition, the Bank uses special commission rate swaps to hedge against the special commission rate risk arising from specifically identified fixed special commission-rate exposures.

(c) The tables below summarise the positive and negative fair values of derivative financial instruments, together with the notional amounts, analyzed by the term to maturity and monthly average. The notional amounts, which provide an indication of the volumes of the transactions outstanding at each year-end, do not necessarily reflect the amounts of future cash flows involved. The notional amounts are not indicative of the Bank’s exposure to credit risk which is generally limited to the net positive fair values of derivatives, nor market risk.

Derivative financial instruments as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 are summarized as follows:

(d) The Bank, as part of its derivative management activities, has entered into a master agreement in accordance with the International Swaps and Derivative Association (ISDA) directives. Under this agreement, the terms and conditions for derivative products purchased or sold by the Group are unified. As part of the master agreement, a credit support annex (CSA) has also been signed. The CSA allows the Group to receive improved pricing by way of exchange of mark to market amounts in cash as collateral whether in favour of the Bank or the counterparty.

For commission rate swaps entered into with European counterparties, the Bank and the European counterparty both comply with the European Market Infrastructure Regulation (EMIR). EMIR is a body of European legislation for the central clearing and regulation of Over the Counter (OTC) derivatives. The regulation includes requirements for reporting of derivatives contracts and implementation of risk management standards, and establishes common rules for central counterparties and trade repositories. Accordingly, all such standardized OTC derivatives contracts are traded on exchanges and cleared through a Central Counter Party (CCP) through netting arrangements and exchanges of cash to reduce counterparty credit and liquidity risk.

As of December 31, 2020, the CSA and EMIR net cash collateral amounts held by counterparties in favour of the Bank totalled SAR 1,655 million (2019: SAR 1,157 million). The EMIR net cash margins include initial margin payments made to the counterparties.

The positive and negative fair values of derivatives including CSA and EMIR cash margins have been netted/offset when there is a legally enforceable right to set off the recognized amounts and when the Group intends to settle on a net basis, or to realize the assets and settle the liability simultaneously. See Note 30 (m).

(e) The Bank has a put option arising from an existing master agreement entered into by the Bank relating to an associated company, the estimated value of which is included in Note 11 (c). The terms of the agreement give the Bank a put option and give the counterparty a call option that is exercisable for the remaining term of the agreement. The Bank has valued only the put option, as the call option is deemed to be out of the money. The put option, once exercised, grants the Bank the right to receive a payment in exchange for its shares one year after the exercise, based on predetermined formulas included in the agreement.

(f) The table below is a summary of the Bank’s fair value hedges and hedged portfolios as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, which includes the description of the hedged items and related fair values, the nature of the risk being hedged, and the hedging instruments and related fair values.

The net losses during the year on hedging instruments for fair value hedges were SAR 686.2 million (2019: losses of SAR 710.2 million). The net gains on hedged items attributable to hedged risk were SAR 686.2 million (2019: gains of SAR 710.2 million). The net positive fair value of all derivatives is approximately SAR 688.8 million (2019: SAR net positive 989.6 million). Approximately 68% (2019: 59%) of the positive fair value of the Bank’s derivatives are entered into with financial institutions, and 27% (2019: 28%) of the positive fair value contracts are with any single counterparty at the consolidated statement of financial position date. Derivative activities are mainly carried out under the Bank’s treasury segment.

(a) Due to banks and other financial institutions as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 is summarized as follows:

(b) Debt securities pledged under repurchase agreements with other banks include corporate, bank, and non-government bonds. The fair values of assets pledged as collateral with other financial institutions as security and the related balances of the repurchase agreements as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 are as follows:

(c) The commission free deposits from SAMA, net are comprised of the following:

(a) Customers’ deposits as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 are summarized as follows:

Other deposits include SAR 573.7 million (2019: SAR 606.4 million) of margin deposits held for irrevocable commitments.

Customers’ deposits above include Shariah-Compliant and demand deposits totalling SAR 54.4 billion (2019: SAR 61.4 billion).

(b) The above amounts include foreign currency deposits (equivalent to Saudi Arabian Riyals) as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 as follows:

On June 19, 2016, the Bank entered into a five-year medium-term loan facility agreement for an amount of SAR 1.0 billion for general corporate purposes. The facility has been fully utilized and is repayable on June 19, 2021. On September 26, 2017,
the Bank entered into another five-year medium-term loan facility agreement for an amount of SAR 1.0 billion for general corporate purposes. The facility was fully utilized on October 4, 2017 and was originally repayable on September 26, 2022 (later amended to be May 26, 2021).

The term loans bear commission at market-based variable rates. The Bank has an option to effect early repayment of the term loans subject to the terms and conditions of the related facility agreements. The facility agreements above include covenants which require maintenance of certain financial ratios and other requirements, with which the Bank is in compliance. The Bank also has not had any defaults of principal or commission on the term loans.

(a) Other liabilities as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 are summarized as follows:

(b) The movement of the allowance for credit losses for financial guarantee contracts for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 is summarized as follows:

(c) The maturity analysis of contractual undiscounted lease liabilities is summarized as follows:

As of December 31, 2020, the authorized, issued and fully paid share capital of the Bank consists of 750 million shares of SAR 10 each (2019: 750 million shares of SAR 10 each). The ownership of the Bank’s share capital as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 is as follows in SAR millions:

In accordance with Saudi Arabian Banking Control Law and the Articles of Association of the Bank, a minimum of 25% of the annual net income is required to be transferred to a statutory reserve until this reserve equals the paid up capital of the Bank. Accordingly, SAR 245 million has been transferred from 2020 net income (2019: SAR 60 million from income). The statutory reserve is not currently available for distribution.

(a) Legal proceedings

As of December 31, 2020, there were 188 legal proceedings outstanding against the Group (2019: 163). No provision has been made in cases where professional legal advice indicates that it is not probable that any significant loss will arise. However, provisions are made for legal cases where Management foresees the probability of an adverse outcome based on professional advice.

The movement of the allowance for such legal cases, included in other liabilities, for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 is summarized as follows:

(b) Capital commitments

As of December 31, 2020, the Group had capital commitments of SAR 203.6 million (2019: SAR 212.1 million) for property, equipment & Information Technology Intangible assets.

(c) Credit-related commitments and contingencies

The Group enters into certain credit-related facilities to ensure that funds are available to a customer as required.

Guarantees and standby letters of credit, which represent irrevocable assurances that the Group will make payments in the event that a customer cannot meet its obligations to third parties, carry the same credit risk as loans and advances. Cash requirements under guarantees and standby letters of credit are considerably less than the amount of the commitment because the Group does not generally expect the third party to draw funds under the agreement.

Documentary letters of credit which are written undertakings by the Group on behalf of a customer authorizing a third party to draw drafts on the Group up to a stipulated amount under specific terms and conditions, are generally collateralized by the underlying shipments of goods to which they relate and therefore have significantly less risk.

Acceptances comprise undertakings by the Group to pay bills of exchange drawn on customers. The Group expects most acceptances to be presented before being reimbursed by the customers.

Commitments to extend credit represent the unused portion of authorizations to extend credit, principally in the form of loans and advances, guarantees and letters of credit. With respect to credit risk on commitments to extend credit, the Group is potentially exposed to a loss in an amount equal to the total unused commitments. However, the likely amount of loss is expected to be considerably less than the total unused commitment as most commitments to extend credit are contingent upon customers maintaining specific credit standards.

The total outstanding commitments to extend credit do not necessarily represent future cash requirements, as many of these commitments could expire or terminate without being funded.

For issued financial guarantee contracts and loan commitments, the maximum amount is allocated to the earliest period in which the guarantee could be called, as the Group has the right to recall financial guarantee contracts and loan commitments prior to their maturity.

(i) The contractual maturity structure for the Group’s credit-related commitments and contingencies as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 are as follows:

The movement of the allowance for credit losses for financial guarantee contracts is summarized in Note 15 (b).

The outstanding unused portion of commitments as of December 31, 2020 which can be revoked unilaterally at any time by the Group, amounts to SAR 23.7 billion (2019: SAR 22.0 billion).

(ii) The analysis of commitments and contingencies by counterparty as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 is as follows:

(e) Zakat and Income Tax

Note 25 provide information regarding the current status of the Group’s Zakat and Income Tax positions.

Special commission income and expense for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 is summarized as follows:

Fee income from banking services, net for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 is summarized as follows:

Dividend income for the year ended December 31, 2020 is summarized as follows:

Gains (losses) on the sale of FVOCI debt securities, net for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 are summarized as follows:

(a) As required by SAMA, the following table summarizes the Group’s employee categories defined in accordance with SAMA’s rules on compensation practices. It includes the total amounts of fixed and variable compensation paid to employees, and the forms of such payments, and also includes the variable compensation accrued, and other employee benefits and related expenses incurred during the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019.

(b) The Board of Directors of the Bank has established a Nomination and Remuneration Committee (the Committee) which consists of four Board members. The Committee is primarily responsible for recommending appointments to membership of the Board of Directors and key executives of the Bank in compliance with the Bank’s Corporate Governance Guidelines, completing annual reviews for the requirements of suitable skills and independence for membership of the Bank’s Board of Directors, reviewing the structure of the Board of Directors, establishing policies for the compensation of members of the Board of Directors’, and overseeing the Bank’s employee compensation system’s design.

The Committee is also responsible to recommend to the Board of Directors the approval of the Bank’s Compensation Policy and any amendments thereto, to ensure that the Bank’s remuneration policies are in compliance with SAMA Rules on Compensation Practices and the Financial Stability Board’s (FSB) Principles for Sound Compensation Practices, to periodically review the Bank’s compensation policy, to evaluate practices by which compensation is paid, and to determine the performance bonuses for the Bank’s employees based on the risk adjusted profit of the Bank.

The Bank’s Compensation Policy is designed to attract, retain and motivate high performing and high potential employees. Employees participate in various variable pay arrangements. Discretionary variable pay as well as fixed pay reviews are dependent on the achievement of objectives, which is monitored/measured via a robust performance management system. The grant of the variable component of the reward, is strictly dependent on the achievement of set targets, both financial and non-financial, level of achievements and the Bank’s overall performance, including key risk indicators. Higher achievements will warrant a better performance rating and higher variable compensation. The Balanced Scorecard concept is used as a performance management tool and performance objectives are typically categorized into four segments including financial, customer, process, and people.

Financial and non-financial metrics are used to measure performance against the objectives, which include profitability, expense control, customer satisfaction, quality assurance, employee development and engagement, workforce diversity, sustainable business practices, lending guidelines, internal controls, compliance with regulations, and business systems and processes. Effective risk management is emphasized to maintain a strong and secure operating platform. A Risk Appetite Framework Policy has been established and compliance with the annual Risk Appetite Statement is key to all remuneration decisions including variable pay arrangements.

In addition to the above, the Bank’s employees are encouraged to participate in employee share savings and incentive schemes. Variable remuneration is linked to long-term value creation and risk horizons. It is also based on individual, business segment and Bank performance criteria. Accordingly, for certain variable remunerations, a portion of the incentive earned for the annual performance bonus program is deferred in line with long term risk realization. The vesting is subject to clawback mechanisms.

The Bank’s subsidiaries have adopted a similar approach to remuneration and compensation practices as described above, including policies within a framework of prudent risk management.

The total amount of compensation paid to key management for the year ended December 31, 2020 was SAR 50.5 million (2019: SAR 44.1 million). The post employment benefits accrued or paid to key management for the year ended December 31, 2020 was SAR 6.5 million (2019: SAR 5.3 million).

The total end of service payments made for all employees who left their employment with the Group during the year ended December 31, 2020 totalled SAR 17.2 million (2019: SAR 49.7 million). These payments were made to 111 beneficiaries (2019: 241). The highest payment to a single individual in 2020 was SAR 1.9 million (2019: SAR 17.8 million).

(a) Basic and diluted earnings per share is calculated by dividing net income adjusted for Tier I Sukuk costs by weighted average of the issued and outstanding shares after giving effect to the purchase of 56.2 million and 18.7 million Treasury shares on September 27, 2018 and May 28, 2019 respectively.

(b) Details of basic and diluted earnings per share are as follows:

(a) Provisions for Zakat and Income tax for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 is summarized as follows:

(b) The Bank has filed the required Zakat and Income Tax returns with the GAZT which are due on April 30 each year, through the year ended December 31, 2019. The Bank’s Zakat and Income Tax calculations and corresponding accruals and payments for Zakat and Income Tax are based on the ownership percentages disclosed in Note 16.

On March 14, 2019, the GAZT published Rules (the “Rules”) for the computation of Zakat for companies engaged in financing activities and licensed by SAMA. The Rules are issued pursuant to the Zakat Implementing Regulations and are applicable for the periods beginning January 1, 2019. In addition to providing a new basis for calculation of the Zakat base, the Rules have also introduced a minimum floor and maximum cap at 4 times and 8 times respectively of net income. The Zakat liability for the Saudi shareholders will continue to be calculated at 2.5% of the Zakat base but it should not fall below the minimum floor nor should exceed the maximum cap as prescribed by the Rules.

The Bank has provided for Zakat for the year ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 on the basis of the Bank’s understanding of these rules.

Beginning with the year ended December 31, 2020, the Group plans to file a consolidated Zakat return with the GAZT including the Bank and its wholly owned subsidiaries.

(c) In December 2018, the Bank agreed with the GAZT to a settlement of Zakat assessments for the years 2006 to 2017 for SAR 775.5 million. The discounted Zakat liability of SAR 711.8 million was fully provided for through a charge to the consolidated statement of income with the corresponding liability included in other liabilities as of December 31, 2018. The Bank has paid SAR 155 million, SAR 124 million and SAR 124 million on January 1, 2019, December 1, 2019, and December 1, 2020 respectively, as per the settlement agreement. The undiscounted Zakat settlement liability remaining to be paid and the net discounted Zakat liability is as follows:

The Zakat settlement also included provisions for the Bank to calculate the Zakat liability for the year ended December 31, 2018 using the same methodology as was agreed in the settlement for the prior years. The 2018 Zakat was calculated based on this method and was also charged to the consolidated statement of income in 2018 and was settled by April 30, 2019.

The Zakat settlement also did not include the year 2005. However, the Bank provided for an additional Zakat liability for 2005 amounting to SAR 38.6 million which was charged to the consolidated statement of income in 2018 and was settled in 2019.

(a) Operating segments are identified based on internal reports about components of the Group that are regularly reviewed by the Bank’s Board of Directors in its function as the Chief Operating Decision Maker to allocate resources to segments and to assess their performance. Performance is measured based on segment profit, as Management believes that this indicator is the most relevant in evaluating the results of segments relative to other entities that operate within these sectors.

Transactions between the operating segments are on normal commercial terms and conditions as approved by Management. The revenue from external parties reported to the Board is measured in a manner consistent with that in the Consolidated Statement of Income. Segment assets and liabilities are comprised operating assets and liabilities. The Group’s primary business is conducted in KSA.

There has been no change to the measurement basis or classification for the segment profit or loss during the year ended December 31, 2020.

(b) The Group’s reportable segments are as follows:

• Retail banking: Loans, deposits, and other credit products for high-net worth individuals and consumers.
• Corporate banking: Loans, deposits and other credit products for corporate, small to medium-sized businesses, and institutional customers.
• Treasury and Investments: Money market, investments and treasury services, and investments in associates and related activities.
• Asset management and brokerage: Dealing, managing, advising and custody of securities services.
• Other: Support functions, special credit, and other management and control units.

Commission is charged to operating segments based on Funds Transfer Price (FTP) rates. The net FTP contribution included in the segment information below includes the segmental net special commission income after FTP asset charges and liability credits (FTP net transfers). All other segment income is from external customers.

(c) The segment information provided to the Bank’s Board of Directors for the reportable segments for the Group’s total assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, and its total operating income, expenses, and Income before provisions for Zakat and Income Tax for the years then ended, are as follows:

(d) The Group’s credit exposure by business segment as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 is as follows:

Consolidated Statement of Financial Position credit exposure is comprised of the carrying value of consolidated statement of financial position assets excluding cash on hand, property, equipment, and Information Technology intangible assets, investments in associates, investments in equities, mutual funds, and other securities, other real estate, and other assets. The credit equivalent value of commitments, contingencies and derivatives are also included in the table above.

The distribution by geographical region for assets, liabilities, and for commitments, contingencies, and derivatives as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 is as follows:

The credit equivalent of commitments and contingencies and derivatives is calculated according to methodology prescribed by SAMA.

Market risk is the risk that the fair value or future cash flows of financial instruments will fluctuate due to changes in market variables such as commission rates, foreign exchange rates, and equity prices. The Group classifies exposures to market risk into either a trading or banking book.

(a) Market risk-trading book

The Board of Directors has set limits for the acceptable level of risks in managing the trading book. The Group currently has trading book exposures in foreign exchange contracts and commission rate swaps. Market risk management uses the estimation of Value at Risk (VaR) tool for all transactions included in the trading portfolios. VaR is estimated for a specified period based on adverse market fluctuations.

(b) Market risk-banking book

Market risk in the banking book mainly arises from commission rate risk, liquidity risk, currency risk, and equity price risk.

(i) Commission rate risk

Commission rate risk arises from the possibility that changes in commission rates will affect either the fair values or the future cash flows of the financial instruments and obligations. The Board of Directors has established commission rate gap limits for stipulated periods. The Group monitors positions and uses hedging strategies to ensure maintenance of positions within the established gap limits.

The following table depicts the sensitivity to a reasonably possible change in commission rates, with other variables held constant, on the Group’s Consolidated Statement of Income or shareholders’ equity. The reasonably possible change is estimated based on the relevant commission rate movements during the last five years (2016-2020) (2019: 2015-2019). A positive effect shows a potential net increase in the consolidated net income or shareholders’ equity, whereas a negative effect shows a potential net reduction in consolidated net income or shareholders’ equity.

The sensitivity of net special commission income is the effect of the assumed changes in commission rates on the net special commission income for one year, based on the floating rate financial assets and financial liabilities held as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, including the effect of hedging instruments.

The sensitivity of equity is calculated by revaluing the fixed rate FVOCI debt securities, excluding the effect of any associated fair value hedges as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 for the effect of assumed changes in commission rates. The sensitivity of shareholders’ equity is analyzed by maturity of the asset or swap. The entire banking book exposures are monitored and analyzed by currency and relevant sensitivities and are disclosed in SAR thousands. For presentation purposes in the tables below, short-term fixed rate deposit liabilities are treated as variable rate deposits.

The Group manages exposure to the effects of various risks associated with fluctuations in prevailing levels of market special commission rates on its financial position and cash flows. The Board of Directors also sets limits on the level of mismatch of special commission rate re-pricing that may be undertaken, which is monitored by the Treasury unit.

The Group is exposed to special commission rate risk as a result of mismatches or gaps in the amounts of assets and liabilities
and off-balance sheet instruments that mature or re-price in a given period. The Group manages this risk by matching the re-pricing of assets and liabilities through special commission rate risk management strategies.

The tables below summarise the Group’s exposure to special commission rate risks as of December 31, 2020 and 2019. Included in the tables are the Group’s assets and liabilities at carrying amounts, categorized by the earlier of contractual re-pricing or maturity dates.

The off-balance sheet gap position represents the net notional amounts of derivative financial instruments, which are used to manage special commission rate risk.

(ii) Currency risk

Currency risk represents the risk of change in the value of financial instruments due to changes in foreign exchange rates. The Board of Directors has set limits on currency positions, which are monitored daily. Hedging strategies are also used to ensure that positions and market risks are maintained within the limits.

The table below shows the currencies to which the Group has a significant exposure as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, on its banking book assets and liabilities and forecasted cash flows. The table depicts the effect of a reasonably possible movement of the currency rates against the SAR based on historical currency rate movements, with other variables held constant, on the Consolidated Statement of Income (due to the change in the fair value of the currency sensitive banking book assets and liabilities). The reasonably possible change is estimated based on the relevant foreign exchange rate movements during the last five years (2016-2020) (2019: 2015-2019). A positive effect shows a potential net increase in the Consolidated Statement of Income, whereas a negative effect shows a potential net reduction in consolidated statement of income.

(iii) Currency position

The Group manages the exposure to the effects of fluctuations in prevailing foreign currency exchange rates on its financial position and cash flows. The Board of Directors sets limits on the level of exposure by currency and in total for both overnight and intra-day positions, which are monitored daily. As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, the Group had the following significant net exposures denominated in foreign currencies:

(iv) Equity price risk

Equity price risk refers to the risk of a decrease in fair values of equities and mutual funds in the Group’s investment portfolio as a result of reasonably possible changes in levels of equity indices and the value of individual investments.

The following table depicts the effect on the Group’s investments in equities and mutual funds from a reasonably possible change in relevant indices, with other variables held constant, and the related effect on the Group’s net income and shareholders’ equity as of December 31, 2020 and 2019. The reasonably possible changes in relevant indices are estimated based on the relevant indices movements during the last five years (2016-2020) (2019: 2015-2019). A positive effect shows a potential increase in consolidated shareholders’ equity, whereas a negative effect shows a potential decrease in consolidated shareholders’ equity.